Correct option is B
Total Error
In statistical research, errors can arise due to different sources. Sampling error occurs when a sample does not perfectly represent the population due to natural variation. However, measurement error and non-sampling error introduce additional inaccuracies. When all these errors are combined, the result is known as Total Error.
Total Error includes both:
- Sampling Error – Differences between the population parameter and sample statistic.
- Non-sampling Errors, which include:
- Measurement Error – Inaccuracies due to flaws in survey instruments or data collection methods.
- Response Error – Errors occurring when respondents provide incorrect information.
- Processing Error – Mistakes in data recording, entry, or analysis.
- Coverage Error – Incomplete representation of the population.
Since Total Error is the sum of all possible errors affecting research outcomes, it is the correct answer.
Information Booster
- Total Error represents the combined effect of sampling and non-sampling errors.
- Sampling Error arises due to selecting a sample rather than conducting a full population study.
- Measurement Error occurs when incorrect data is recorded due to faulty instruments or misunderstandings.
- Coverage Error happens when certain groups of the population are omitted from the sample.
- Processing Error includes mistakes in data coding, entry, or statistical analysis.
- Response Error occurs when survey participants provide inaccurate or misleading responses.
- Minimizing Total Error is essential for improving research accuracy and data reliability.
Additional Knowledge
- (a) Frame Error – Occurs when the sampling frame does not accurately reflect the population, leading to bias in sample selection.
- (c) Chance Error – Represents random variations in data that occur unpredictably due to chance.
- (d) Response Error – Happens when survey participants provide incorrect or misleading answers, either intentionally or unintentionally.
English
10 Questions
20 Marks
12 Mins
