Correct option is C
A research method where the researcher immerses himself/herself in a social setting for an extended period of time for providing an account of a particular culture, society, or community.
Option 1 describes a causal explanation framework, which is unrelated to ethnography. Ethnography is not primarily about ruling out causal explanations but rather about understanding the culture and experiences of a group through immersion.
Option 2 describes a variable or characteristic of study, not ethnography. Ethnography is about studying cultural and social phenomena, and this option does not apply.
Option 3 correctly defines ethnography as a qualitative research method where the researcher spends an extended period of time within a social setting (such as a community or society) to gain an insider’s perspective and understanding of the culture, practices, and behaviors.
Option 4 describes a measure or concept related to indirect measurement, but ethnography itself is more about direct observation and immersion rather than using indirect or absent measures.