Christopher Pierson gave eight main features of the modern state on a factual basis. Which of the following features did he not discuss?

Correct option is D

Christopher Pierson, in his analysis of the modern state, identified eight main features, including sovereignty, citizenship, control over the means of use of force, and other attributes like territoriality, bureaucracy, and legitimacy. However, Fundamental Rights was not explicitly discussed as one of the core features. His focus was on structural and functional aspects of the state rather than normative or constitutional provisions like fundamental rights, which are associated more with liberal democratic states rather than the modern state in a generic sense.
Key Features Discussed by Pierson
1. Sovereignty: The state exercises ultimate authority within its territory.
2. Territoriality: The state governs a defined geographical area.
3. Legitimacy: The authority of the state is recognized by its citizens.
4. Monopoly over the Means of Use of Force: The state controls the use of violence within its territory.
5. Citizenship: A defined legal relationship between individuals and the state.
6. Bureaucracy: A hierarchical administrative structure for governance.
7. Rule of Law: Governance based on established legal principles.
8. Taxation: The state's authority to collect taxes to fund public goods and services.