By which treaty did Russia withdraw from the First World War?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, marking Russia’s withdrawal from the First World War. It was an agreement between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). This treaty was a pivotal moment in World War I, significantly affecting the dynamics on the Eastern Front.

Key Details:

• Reason for Withdrawal: The Bolshevik government, led by Vladimir Lenin, wanted to focus on internal issues such as the Russian Revolution and the civil unrest.
• Territorial Loss: Russia ceded large territories including Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) to Germany and its allies.
• Reparations: Russia agreed to pay reparations and suffered significant economic and political losses.

Significance:
The treaty ended Russia's participation in the war and allowed Germany to shift its focus to the Western Front. However, the treaty was annulled after Germany's defeat in November 1918.

Additional Information:

• Treaty of Vienna: Refers to agreements made during the Congress of Vienna (1815), unrelated to World War I.
• Treaty of Versailles: Signed in 1919, it ended World War I but involved the Allies and Germany, not Russia.