Correct option is D
Article 368 of the Constitution of India is a crucial provision that grants Parliament the authority to amend the Constitution. This power is essential to ensure that the Constitution can evolve over time to meet the changing needs and circumstances of the country. The process of amendment under Article 368 includes the following methods:
1. Addition: Parliament can introduce new provisions or articles to the Constitution. This allows for the expansion of the Constitution to include new rights, duties, institutions, or any other necessary elements that were not originally included.
Example: The addition of the Fundamental Duties in Part IVA of the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 is an example of adding new provisions.
2. Variation: Parliament can vary or modify existing provisions of the Constitution. This involves making changes to the wording, scope, or application of an existing article or provision without necessarily removing it.
Example: The 101st Amendment Act of 2016, which introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST), involved varying the existing tax provisions in the Constitution.
3. Repeal: Parliament has the power to repeal or remove existing provisions from the Constitution. This is done when a provision is considered outdated, redundant, or no longer necessary.
Example: The 26th Amendment Act of 1971, which abolished the privy purses granted to former rulers of princely states, is an instance where certain provisions were repealed.
