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Arrange the following steps in the correct order when applying ANCOVA in sports science research: A. Apply ANCOVA to adjust for the influence of co
Question

Arrange the following steps in the correct order when applying ANCOVA in sports science research:
A. Apply ANCOVA to adjust for the influence of covariates and refine the results.
B. Collect data on both the dependent variable and covariates.
C. Control for confounding variables such as age, experience.
D. Analyze the adjusted group differences to determine the true effect of the intervention.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A.

D, C, A, B

B.

B, C, A, D

C.

C, B, A, D

D.

A, B, D, C

Correct option is B

The correct answer is (b).
Introduction
ANCOVA compares group means while controlling for covariates. The logical sequence: collect data (B), control for confounders (C), apply ANCOVA adjustment (A), then analyse adjusted differences (D). Hence B, C, A, D.
Information Booster

  • B: Collect data on DV and covariates.
  • C: Identify and include confounders as covariates.
  • A: Apply ANCOVA to adjust group means.
  • D: Interpret adjusted differences for intervention effect.
Additional Knowledge
  • Option A starts with analysis prematurely.
  • Option C begins with controlling before data collection.
  • Option D starts with application before data collection.
Interesting Fact
ANCOVA increases statistical power by reducing error variance.

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