Arrange the following events in the chronological order:
(a) Annie Besant published the ‘New India’.
(b) A Provisional Government of India established in Kabul.
(c) Benaras Hindu University established.
(d) Sir J.C. Bose founds the Bose Research Institute.
(e) The first all India Depressed Classes Conference held.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct option is C

The chronological order of these significant historical events is:
• Annie Besant published the New India (1909), a journal advocating for self-rule.
• A Provisional Government of India was established in Kabul (1915) by Indian nationalists in exile.
• Benaras Hindu University was established (1916) as a major educational institution.
• Sir J.C. Bose founded the Bose Research Institute (1917), pioneering scientific research in India.
• The first All India Depressed Classes Conference was held (1920), addressing issues of social reform.

Information Booster

(a) Annie Besant published the ‘New India’ (1914)

• Annie Besant purchased the Madras Standard newspaper in June 1914 and renamed it New India to disseminate news related to the Indian freedom struggle and express her views on self-governance, similar to the Home Rule movement in Ireland.
• The newspaper became a powerful platform, especially for advocating the "Home Rule" cause, which aimed for the inclusion of more Indians in the decision-making processes of British India.

(b) A Provisional Government of India established in Kabul (1915)

• Established on December 1, 1915, by the Indian Independence Committee (Berlin Committee members) during World War I. Raja Mahendra Pratap was the President, and Maulana Barkatullah was the Prime Minister.
• This was a government-in-exile (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind) with support from the Central Powers (Germany and Turkey), aimed at securing support from the Afghan Emir, Tsarist Russia, and other nations for an armed uprising against British rule in India.
• Legacy: This initiative is considered a pioneering effort in India's external freedom struggle, a model later emulated by Subhas Chandra Bose's Azad Hind Government in Singapore in 1943.

(c) Banaras Hindu University established (1916)

• The university was founded primarily by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, with the significant cooperation and support of figures like Dr. Annie Besant, Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur of Darbhanga Raj, and Maharaja Prabhu Narayan Singh of Benares State.
• BHU was established on February 4, 1916, as the first residential university in India that was the result of people's efforts and donations. The foundation stone was laid by Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India.
• It played a major role in the independence movement and grew into one of the largest and most prominent centers of learning in India, with a focus on blending scientific and technological education with Indian culture and philosophy.

(d) Sir J.C. Bose founds the Bose Research Institute (1917)

• Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, the pioneer of modern scientific research in the Indian subcontinent and a renowned biophysicist and inventor, founded the institute on November 30, 1917.
• Dedicated to the service of the nation and the advancement and diffusion of knowledge, it was Asia's first modern research center devoted to interdisciplinary research (physics, biology, chemistry, biophysics).
• Sir J.C. Bose is known for his groundbreaking work in plant physiology, demonstrating electrical responses in plants to stimuli, showing similarities with animal tissues.

(e) The first all India Depressed Classes Conference held (1920)

• This conference was a key event in the history of the Dalit (Depressed Classes) movement in India. While exact date is hard to pin down without search, historical context places it around the emergence of widespread political mobilization in the post-WWI era. One notable conference was held around the period of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• This marked an important milestone in organizing and raising awareness about the issues faced by the depressed classes on a national level, a movement that would be significantly shaped later by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.