An approach to teaching reading that starts with basic elements like letters and phonemes and teaches children that phonemes can be combined into words before moving on to reading as a whole is:

Correct option is D

The bottom-up approach to teaching reading emphasizes starting with the basic units of language such as letters and phonemes. Children are taught to decode these elements and understand how they combine to form words and sentences. This method focuses on phonics and builds reading skills systematically from the ground up. It contrasts with holistic methods, which start with whole words or texts. The bottom-up approach is especially effective for early readers as it develops foundational skills critical for fluency and comprehension.

Information Booster:

• Phonicsis a key component of the bottom-up approach.
• Focuses on themechanicsof reading first, such as sound-letter relationships.
• Helps in developing strongdecodingskills.
• It is suitable forbeginner readers, especially young children.
• The approach progresses tocomprehensionafter establishing foundational skills.

Additional Knowledge:

• (a) Whole language approach:Focuses on meaning and comprehension from the start. It emphasizes learning words and sentences in the context of entire stories or texts, encouraging natural reading.
• (b) Structural approach:Commonly used in teaching grammar, focusing on the structures of language rather than reading fundamentals.
• (c) Top-down approach:Begins with understanding whole texts and using context to deduce word meanings, suitable for readers who already have a basic grasp of language.
• (d) Bottom-up approach:Starts with basics like phonemes and builds up to word recognition and sentence comprehension.