An act in a way that results in the greatest good for the greatest number is:

Correct option is B

The utilitarian principle is a moral theory that advocates for actions that maximize happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. This ethical approach is based on the idea that the best action is the one that produces the most beneficial outcomes for the largest number of individuals, even if some individuals might experience harm. The principle is most famously associated with philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

For example, a decision that benefits a large population at the expense of a few may be justified according to utilitarianism if it results in the greatest overall happiness.

Information Booster:

Utilitarian Principle in Practice:

1. Maximizing Welfare: The central tenet of utilitarianism is promoting the greatest overall good.
2. Consequentialism: This principle judges actions by their consequences rather than intentions.
3. Cost-Benefit Analysis: In decision-making, utilitarianism often involves weighing the benefits and harms to determine the best course of action.
4. Implications in Policy: Utilitarianism is commonly used in public policy, especially in economics and health care, where maximizing societal well-being is a goal.
5. Criticisms: Critics argue that it justifies harmful actions if they result in a greater overall good, and it may overlook individual rights and justice.

Additional Knowledge:

(a) The golden rule:

• Explanation: This ethical rule states that one should treat others as they wish to be treated.
• Example: If you want to be treated with kindness, you should treat others with kindness.
• Key Difference: Unlike utilitarianism, which focuses on outcomes, the golden rule is based on personal empathy and fairness.

(c) The four-way test:

• Explanation: Often associated with Rotary International, this test asks:
  1. Is it the truth?
  2. Is it fair to all concerned?
  3. Will it build goodwill and better friendships?
  4. Will it be beneficial to all concerned?
• Key Difference: While it shares some similarity with utilitarianism (especially in terms of being beneficial), it is more of a personal ethical guideline rather than a broad societal framework.

(d) Kant’s categorical imperative:

• Explanation: This ethical theory, proposed by Immanuel Kant, states that one should act only according to maxims that can be consistently applied as a universal law.
• Example: One should not lie, as lying cannot be a universal law that everyone should follow.
• Key Difference: Kant's philosophy is deontological, focusing on duties and principles rather than outcomes.