All of the following are the proximate principles of food, EXCEPT:

Correct option is A

Proximate principles of food are the macronutrients that provide energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Vitamins, although essential for body function and metabolism, do not provide energy and are not classified under proximate principles. They are micronutrients needed in small quantities for regulatory functions.
Explanation of options: (a) ✔ Vitamins – Micronutrients that do not supply energy; excluded from proximate principles. (b) ✘ Carbohydrates – Major energy-providing macronutrient and a proximate principle. (c) ✘ Fats – Energy-dense nutrient and a core proximate principle. (d) ✘ Proteins – Vital for growth and repair; considered a proximate principle due to energy contribution.