Correct option is D

Adolescence is a distinct stage of human development that occurs between childhood and adulthood. It is generally characterized by rapid physical, psychological, and social changes. During adolescence, individuals go through puberty, which is the process of sexual maturation and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. This stage is also marked by increased independence, exploration of personal identity, and the development of abstract thinking skills.
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On the other hand, options a, b, and c do not represent the transition from childhood to adulthood:
a. Early childhood: This stage typically refers to the period from infancy to about five or six years of age, where children are still heavily dependent on their parents or caregivers and are not yet experiencing the significant changes associated with adolescence.
b. Middle childhood: Middle childhood usually spans from around six to twelve years of age. While children in this stage may experience some developmental changes and increasing independence, it does not represent the transition to adulthood as seen in adolescence.
c. Preoperational period: The preoperational period is a term used in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development and refers to the stage between the ages of two and seven years. It is characterized by the development of symbolic thinking, but it does not involve the physical, emotional, and social changes associated with the transition to adulthood.
In summary, adolescence is the period that marks the transition from childhood to adulthood, involving significant physical, psychological, and social changes, while the other options refer to earlier stages of development.