Correct option is D
Statement 1 is correct.
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals used in a wide range of consumer products, such as non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics, and food packaging. Because of their widespread use and environmental persistence, PFAS have been found in drinking water, various foods, and food packaging materials. These substances can leach into water supplies, be present in the food we consume, or migrate from packaging into food products. Studies have shown that PFAS contamination is pervasive, and they have been detected in both urban and rural areas globally.
Statement 2 is correct.
PFAS are often referred to as "forever chemicals" because of their strong carbon-fluorine bonds, which make them extremely resistant to environmental degradation. These chemicals do not break down easily in the environment, leading to their persistence in water, soil, and living organisms for extended periods. Their durability means that once released into the environment, PFAS can accumulate and persist, making them difficult to remove through traditional environmental cleanup methods.
Statement 3 is correct.
Bioaccumulation refers to the build-up of substances, such as PFAS, in an organism over time. Persistent exposure to PFAS, whether through contaminated water, food, or air, can result in the accumulation of these chemicals in the tissues of animals, including humans. PFAS can accumulate in the blood, liver, and other organs, leading to potential health risks. Studies have linked long-term exposure to PFAS with various adverse health effects, including liver damage, thyroid disease, decreased fertility, and increased risk of certain cancers.
