Who observed that intellectuals "are the dominant groups 'deputies' exercising the subaltern functions of social hegemony and political government"? 

Correct option is B

The correct answer is (b) Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci, an Italian Marxist philosopher and political theorist, introduced the idea that intellectuals play a crucial role as "deputies" of the dominant social class, helping to maintain cultural and ideological control, or hegemony, within society. According to Gramsci, these intellectuals function as intermediaries who assist in upholding the social order by legitimizing the values and beliefs of the ruling class, thus exercising what he termed "subaltern functions" in both social hegemony and political governance. His concept of the "organic intellectual" underscores the role of intellectuals within a specific social class to promote its interests and maintain dominance.
Gramsci’s work emphasizes that intellectuals are essential in forming the "common sense" of society, shaping norms and beliefs that support the status quo and making it appear natural and acceptable to the broader public.
Information Booster:
1. Hegemony and Cultural Control: Gramsci’s theory of hegemony explores how the ruling class maintains control not just through force but through ideological influence.
2. Role of Intellectuals: Intellectuals serve as agents of the dominant class, legitimizing its authority through cultural and educational institutions.
3. Organic Intellectuals: These intellectuals emerge from a particular class to express its values and support its ascendancy.
4. Subaltern Groups: Gramsci also studied "subaltern" groups—those marginalized or oppressed—and how they can develop counter-hegemonic ideas.