Correct option is C
The correct answer is option (3): High edge-to-area ratio of the reserve.
Explanation:
In ecological design, edge effects refer to the changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two ecosystems or habitats. A high edge-to-area ratio is undesirable because it increases the amount of the reserve exposed to the surrounding environment, which can lead to several problems:
Increased exposure to external threats, such as invasive species, human activity, or changes in temperature and humidity that affect the interior of the reserve.
Reduced habitat quality for species that are sensitive to edge effects, as the boundaries between ecosystems are typically more exposed and less stable compared to the interior.
Therefore, when setting up nature reserves, it is preferable to have larger areas with fewer edges to create a more stable and sustainable environment for wildlife.
Why the other options are correct:
Option (1) Reserves that are linked to each other by corridors: This is desirable because it helps create connectivity between isolated reserves, allowing wildlife to move between them, which reduces the risks of inbreeding and helps maintain genetic diversity.
Option (2) Reserves that are surrounded by a buffer zone of the same ecosystem: This is beneficial as the buffer zone helps protect the core reserve from external threats and disturbances, such as human development, pollution, or invasive species, while maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem.
Option (4) Circular shaped reserve: A circular reserve is ideal because it minimizes the edge-to-area ratio and maximizes the interior area, providing a more stable and protected environment for species. Circular shapes have the least amount of edge relative to the area, reducing edge effects.
Additional Information:
Edge effects: In nature reserves, edge effects can lead to ecological changes that reduce biodiversity. These changes can include increased sunlight, wind exposure, and changes in temperature and humidity, which are all harmful to species that thrive in stable, interior conditions.
Connectivity: Corridors linking different reserves allow species to migrate and interact with populations in other reserves, which is essential for maintaining long-term genetic health.
Buffer zones: A buffer zone helps maintain the integrity of the reserve by shielding it from external disturbances like agriculture, urban development, and pollution.
