Correct option is C
The correct option is: (c) Centralised planning
After gaining independence in 1947, India adopted acentrally planned economic modelto guide development through structured Five-Year Plans.
The state took charge of resource allocation, production targets, and investment decisions to ensurebalanced economic growth and social equity.
This planning model was influenced by socialist ideals and aimed at overcoming colonial economic backwardness through state-led initiatives.
Planning Commission: Established in 1950 to formulate and oversee national plans.
Focus Areas: Agriculture, industry, infrastructure, education, and public welfare.
Planning Type: Top-down approach with clear national priorities.
Duration: Centralised planning dominated till the early 1990s.
Key Impact: Helped build a self-reliant economy and public sector foundation.
Guiding Principles: Equity, poverty reduction, and import substitution industrialization.
Privatisation: Introduced in the 1990s during economic liberalisation, not post-independence.
Decentralised planning: Promoted much later for grassroots governance (e.g., Panchayati Raj).
Liberalisation: Came in1991as part of New Economic Policy to open the economy.