Which of the following statements is an example of deductive reasoning?

Correct option is C

Deductive reasoning involves applying general principles to reach a specific conclusion.
· (a) If-then statements do not necessarily follow a deductive structure.
· **(b) Inductive reasoning is used when a generalization is made based on observation.
· **(d) This statement is based on personal emotion, not logic.
· **(c) "All mammals have a backbone" is a general rule, and since dogs are mammals, they must have a backbone. This follows the logical structure of deduction.
Thus, the correct answer is (c).