Which of the following statements are incorrect?

A. Thorndike’s theory is an atomistic theory of intelligence.

B. Evaluation is the primary mental process, which means retention of what is recognized.

C. Group of specific abilities known as ‘S’ factor is a universal inborn ability.

D. According to Faculty theory of intelligence, the mind is made up of different faculties like reasoning, memory, discriminations, and imagination, etc.

E. Structure of Intellect Model of Intelligence was given by Spearman.

codes:

Correct option is B

This question tests your understanding of various Theories of Intelligence, including the foundational views of Thorndike, Spearman, and Guilford, while distinguishing between correct conceptual definitions and common misconceptions.

Information Booster:

• Statement B: Evaluation as a primary mental process
• In the context of cognitive psychology and intelligence models (like Guilford’s), Evaluation is the process of making judgments based on criteria.
• The statement incorrectly defines it as the "retention of what is recognized." The retention of information is actually defined as Memory or Retention, not Evaluation.
• Statement C: Group of specific abilities (‘S’ factor)
• According to Charles Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory, it is the ‘g’ factor (General Intelligence) that is considered a universal, inborn ability.
• The ‘S’ factor (Specific Ability) is not universal; it is acquired and learned from the environment and varies from task to task (e.g., musical talent vs. mathematical skill).
• Statement E: Structure of Intellect (SOI) Model
• The Structure of Intellect Model was proposed by J.P. Guilford, who organized intelligence into three dimensions: Operations, Contents, and Products.
• Spearman is associated with the Two-Factor Theory, not the SOI model.

Additional Knowledge:

• Statement A: Thorndike’s theory is an atomistic theory
• Edward Thorndike proposed the Multi-factor Theory of Intelligence. He believed that intelligence is not a single general ability but a combination of many independent elements or "atoms" of mental ability.
• Because he viewed intelligence as a collection of distinct specialized impulses, his approach is frequently labeled "Atomistic."
• Statement D: Faculty Theory of Intelligence
• This is one of the oldest theories of intelligence. It posits that the mind consists of several independent faculties such as memory, imagination, reasoning, and judgment.
• According to this view, these faculties can be trained through exercise, much like muscles, which is why the statement correctly describes the mind as being "made up of different faculties."