Correct option is D
Statements (A), (B), (C), and (E) are closely associated with the theory of International Realism. Realism is based on the notion that the international system is anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority above states, unlike the hierarchical nature of domestic politics. Realists argue that power serves as both the means to ensure survival and the ultimate end. They focus on relative gains over absolute gains, as states are concerned with maintaining power balances rather than mutual benefits. Realism also emphasizes that international politics is fundamentally a struggle for power, as states constantly compete for security and influence.
However, statement (D) ("Anarchy is what states make of it") aligns with Constructivist theory, not Realism. Constructivists argue that the nature of anarchy depends on how states interpret it, challenging the Realist idea of a fixed and inherently competitive anarchic system.
Information Booster:
1. Anarchy in Realism: States operate in an anarchic international system, implying no global authority to enforce rules.
2. Power as a Core Concept: Realists view power as both a means for survival and a goal in itself, ensuring national security.
3. Relative Gains: Realism focuses on relative gains, as states prioritize their position relative to others rather than shared benefits.
4. Struggle for Power: International politics is viewed as a constant struggle for power, where cooperation is limited by self-interest.
5. Security Dilemma: States arm themselves for security, often leading others to do the same, escalating competition.
6. Self-Help System: Each state is responsible for its own survival, as Realism emphasizes the lack of reliable international alliances.
7. Ethics in Realism: Realists often downplay ethical concerns in favor of practical considerations related to power and security.
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