Which of the following pairs represent universal gates in digital electronics?

Correct option is B

NAND and NOR gates are known as universal gates because they can be used to construct any other logic gate, such as AND, OR, or NOT.
Important Key Points:
1. Universal Gates: NAND and NOR gates are called universal because they can independently implement any Boolean function by combining them in specific ways.
2. Logic Gate Functions:
· NAND: A combination of AND followed by NOT.
· NOR: A combination of OR followed by NOT.
Knowledge Booster:
· XOR and XNOR: These are not universal gates because they cannot implement all Boolean functions on their own.
· AND and OR: These are basic logic gates but are not universal as they cannot independently create NOT operations.
· Why Universal? Using only NAND or only NOR, you can design circuits for any logic function, such as full adders or multiplexers.