Which of the following models are related with Umland or zone of Urban influence?
A. Gravitational model of Carey B. Breaking point concept of Converse C. Retail gravitational model of Reilly
Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Correct option is D

All three models— Gravitational model of Carey, Breaking point concept of Converse, and Retail gravitational model of Reilly—are related to the Umland or zone of urban influence. These models are widely used in geography and urban planning to determine the extent of urban influence on surrounding areas, often referred to as the functional area or hinterland of a city.
1. Gravitational model of Carey: This model applies the principles of gravity to urban areas, suggesting that larger cities exert a stronger influence over their surroundings.
2. Breaking point concept of Converse: This concept identifies the point at which the influence of two competing urban centers balances out, delineating their zones of influence.
3. Retail gravitational model of Reilly: Similar to the gravitational model, it focuses specifically on retail trade, explaining how customers are attracted to commercial centers based on their size and distance.
Information Booster:
1. Umland (Urban influence area): Refers to the region influenced by an urban center for goods, services, and employment.
2. Carey’s Gravitational Model: Emphasizes population and distance in determining urban influence.
3. Converse’s Breaking Point: Helps to determine the functional boundaries between competing cities.
4. Reilly’s Retail Model: Focuses on the retail behavior of consumers and urban retail influence.
5. These models are crucial in urban planning, retail analysis, and regional development.