Correct option is D
The correct answer is (d) 1, 2 and 3.
• Rural development literature identifies multiple strategies depending on ideology, ownership patterns, and role of the state.
• All three listed approaches are recognised types of rural development strategies.
Information Booster:
• Collectivization of resources is associated with socialist and cooperative models, emphasising collective ownership and shared benefits (notably adopted in the mid-20th century in socialist economies).
• Regulated capitalist perspective supports private ownership with state regulation, widely followed in post-independence India after 1950.
• Peasant agrarian perspective focuses on empowering small and marginal farmers through land reforms and agrarian restructuring, especially after the 1960s.
Additional Knowledge:
• India’s rural development strategy evolved significantly during the Five-Year Plans (1951 onwards).
• Land reforms, Green Revolution ( 1960s–70s), and decentralisation through Panchayati Raj (73rd Amendment, 1992) strengthened rural development.