Which of the following are the International space protection systems?
1. IADC: Coordinates global space debris management.
2. CSO: 10-country partnership for responsible space behaviour.
3. NMA: Tests NavIC authentication to prevent spoofing.
4. COPUOS: 2019 guidelines for space sustainability and debris mitigation.

Correct option is C

The correct answer is (c) 1, 2 and 4

Explanation:
• IADC (Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee) is an international governmental forum for coordinating activities related to space debris.
• CSO (Combined Space Operations) is a multilateral initiative for space cooperation and security.
• COPUOS (UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space) creates guidelines for space sustainability.
• NMA (NavIC Message Service/Authentication) is a specific technical feature of India's regional navigation system, not an international protection system.

Information Booster:
• Kessler Syndrome refers to the scenario where space debris leads to a cascade of collisions.
• COPUOS was established by the UN General Assembly in 1959.

Additional Knowledge:
1, 2, 3 and 4 (Option a)
• Incorrect because NMA (3) is an Indian domestic navigation feature.
2, 3 and 4 (Option b)
• Omits the crucial IADC (1).
1, 2 and 3 (Option d)
• Omits the fundamental COPUOS (4).

So the correct answer is (c)