Which form of feminism believes that women are either absent from international political activities or not relevant to global pressures?

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d). Empirical feminism.

Information Booster:
In International Relations (IR) theory—particularly as classified by Jacqui True and J. Ann Tickner—empirical feminism addresses the historical absence and marginalization of women in mainstream global politics.
It exposes how traditional, state-centric IR frameworks operate on the assumption that women are either non-existent or irrelevant to international political affairs, diplomacy, statecraft, and war.

Feminist IR Typologies (Jacqui True's Framework)

• Empirical Feminism: Focuses on uncovering where women are in global politics ("Where are the women?") and challenging mainstream IR for treating women as invisible or marginal actors.
• Analytical Feminism: Uses gender as a theoretical lens to critique traditional IR concepts (like state sovereignty, national security, and power) for being fundamentally male-biased and patriarchal.
• Normative Feminism: Focuses on political advocacy, ethics, and transforming IR theory to eliminate gender hierarchies globally.