What was the biggest challenge before African Nationalism ?

Correct option is C

African nationalism emerged as a movement to unite African people against colonial rule and to achieve independence. However, one of the most significant challenges it faced was tribalism or ethnic divisions. Africa is home to a vast diversity of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures, and these differences often created divisions among people, making it difficult to foster a unified national identity.

Why Tribal Divisions Were a Major Challenge:

1. Colonial Legacy: European colonial powers often exploited existing tribal divisions to maintain control. They implemented policies like "divide and rule," which deepened ethnic rivalries and weakened collective resistance.

2. Lack of Unity: Tribal loyalties often took precedence over national identity. This made it challenging for nationalist leaders to create a cohesive movement that transcended ethnic boundaries.

3. Post-Independence Conflicts: Even after independence, many African nations struggled with tribal conflicts, which sometimes led to civil wars and political instability (e.g., Rwanda, Nigeria, and Sudan).