What is the decimal equivalent of hexadecimal number 31?

The given number 31₁₆ is in hexadecimal (base 16).

To convert it into decimal (base 10):

31₁₆ = (3 × 16¹) + (1 × 16⁰)
= 48 + 1
= 49

The hexadecimal number system uses digits from 0 to 15.

Each position represents a power of 16, starting from right to left (16⁰, 16¹, 16², etc.).

This method of conversion is covered in NCERT Mathematics (Number Systems).

Option a – 49: Correct. It is the exact decimal equivalent of hexadecimal 31.

Option b – 42: Incorrect. Result of an incorrect base calculation.

Option c – 48 Incorrect. Only 3 × 16 is taken; +1 is missing.

Option d – 41: Incorrect. Wrong hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion.