The value of tortuosity in soil is:

Correct option is C

Correct option: (c) > 1
Explanation:
· Tortuosity is defined as the ratio of:
· Actual path length of flow
· Straight-line distance
· In soils:
· Pores are irregular and winding
· Flow path is always longer than the straight distance
· Therefore: Tortuosity > 1
❌ Why other options are incorrect
· (a) 0
· No physical meaning.
· (b) < 1
· Impossible, as actual path cannot be shorter than straight path.
· (d) 1
· Would indicate a perfectly straight path, not realistic in soils.
�� Key Points
· Tortuosity reflects complexity of pore pathways.
· Higher tortuosity → lower permeability and diffusion.
· Always greater than unity in natural soils.