Traditional ecological knowledge is a body of knowledge and a framework to distinguish between its empirical kinds and ways of life; between information and ways of knowing. It is considered at several levels of analysis and consistent as a knowledge-practice-belief complex. It begins at levels of taxonomic systems and then proceeds to understanding of processes or functions. It follows 'paradigmatic knowledge' or interpretation of empirical observation to put them in a context, and then knowledge embedded in social institutions, the rules and norms of society, and finally the regional worldview or belief system. In practice, these analyses are concentric but not always distinct. The social institutions and management systems are often closely coupled that may seem artificial. One may argue that these are one and the same that may adapt, change or fall apart or be renewed. Worldview and social institutions but may themselves be affected by changes occurring at other scales.

The Traditional ecological knowledge follows the following scales:

Correct option is C

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), while it incorporates aspects of time (temporal scale), is predominantly focused on the spatial scale. This is because TEK is highly localized, adapting to the specific physical, ecological, and environmental conditions of a particular geographic area.
1. Spatial Scale:
· TEK is specific to the ecological and geographical conditions where a community resides.
· For example, the knowledge of farming practices in arid regions differs greatly from those in rainforest areas.
2. Temporal Knowledge: While time-based knowledge is part of TEK, the emphasis is often on spatial adaptations, such as land use, water management, and biodiversity conservation based on local conditions.
Thus, while TEK may consider temporal elements, the primary emphasis remains on spatial considerations.
Key Points: 1. Spatial adaptation is the hallmark of TEK, with practices tailored to the geography and ecology of the region.
2. TEK integrates ecosystem-specific knowledge, such as forest types, soil classification, and water systems.
3. Spatial knowledge aids in biodiversity conservation through local practices like sustainable farming and forestry.
4. Temporal knowledge is secondary but often linked to seasonal cycles within specific spatial contexts.
5. TEK is often passed down through oral traditions, rooted in observations of the local environment.
Additional Knowledge: · Spatial Elements in TEK: Examples include:
· Knowledge of flora and fauna distributions.
· Use of localized water sources like springs or aquifers.
· Temporal Aspects (Secondary):
· Practices like crop rotation are often based on seasonal patterns but are localized to specific regions.
· Importance of Spatial Knowledge:
· It provides solutions for sustainable land and resource management by matching practices to environmental conditions.
This emphasis on spatial scale helps communities maintain ecological balance while utilizing resources effectively.