Correct option is D
Lightning overvoltage can cause severe damage to electrical systems and equipment. Various protective devices are used to safeguard against such overvoltages, including rod gaps, surge absorbers, and horn gaps. Hence, the correct answer is all of the above.
Rod Gaps: A rod gap is a simple form of overvoltage protection where two electrodes (rods) are placed with a gap between them.
· When an overvoltage occurs (e.g., due to lightning), the air in the gap ionizes, and a spark discharge occurs, diverting the overvoltage safely to the ground.
Surge Absorber: Surge absorbers are devices designed to suppress voltage transients by absorbing the energy of the overvoltage.
· They are commonly used to protect sensitive electronic equipment.
Horn Gaps: Horn gaps consist of two horn-shaped electrodes with an increasing gap. When an overvoltage occurs, an arc forms, and the arc is driven upwards and extinguished due to the cooling effect and increased gap.
They are particularly used in outdoor systems for protection against lightning strikes.
