The internally seed-borne infection can be destroyed by

Correct option is D

1. Hot Water Treatment:

   • Some fungal and bacterial pathogens inside seeds can be killed by treating them with hot water at specific temperatures for a defined period.

   • For example, hot water treatment at 50–55°C for 10–30 minutes is used for controlling bacterial and fungal diseases in crops like tomatoes, cabbage, and carrot seeds.

2. Solar Energy Treatment:

   • Solarization involves exposing seeds to solar heat, which raises their temperature and kills the internal pathogens.

   • This method is eco-friendly and cost-effective, widely used for organic seed treatment.

3. Use of Selected Antibiotics and Systemic Fungicides: Antibiotics (e.g., Streptomycin, Tetracycline) are used for bacterial infections, while systemic fungicides (e.g., Carbendazim, Metalaxyl) are used for fungal infections.

• Hot water treatment:

  • It is effective against fungal spores and some bacteria inside seeds. Used for crops like cabbage, tomatoes, and carrots.

• Solar energy treatment:

  • It is an eco-friendly and non-chemical method for seed disinfection. Requires direct sunlight exposure for several hours.

• Use of selected antibiotics and systemic fungicides:

  • Antibiotics like Streptomycin help control bacterial diseases. protect against fungal infections.