The idea/concept of ‘spatial margins of profitability’ in context of industrial location theories was propounded by__________.

Correct option is C

The correct answer is: (c), D.M. Smith
Smith postulated his theory in his book “Industrial Location – An Economic geographical Analysis” (1966). He developed graphic techniques that include the use of cost isopleths or cost contours.
His theory is also known as ‘Area cost curve theory’. This concept explores the spatial distribution of economic activities and how profitability varies across different locations.

Information booster
The Lösch model, proposed by August Lösch, is one of the fundamental theories in the field of industrial location economics. Also known as the "least-cost theory," it seeks to explain the spatial distribution of industries based on minimizing production costs.
Lösch assumes perfect competition among firms, meaning that there are no barriers to entry or exit, and firms seek to maximize profits.
The model considers transportation costs as a significant factor influencing industrial location decisions. Firms aim to minimize these costs by locating closer to input suppliers and/or markets.
Lösch's model accounts for variable input costs, such as labor, land, and raw materials, which may vary across different locations.

Allen Pred’s theory (1967) is based on behavioral approach. The behavioral approach draws on human being as a satisfier. Allen Pred published his theory entitled ‘Behavioral and Location in which he devised a behavioral matrix to illustrate an analysis of locational decisions.
Potential inability to be fully rational is based on two assumptions:
Availability of locational information
Ability to use the information

Walter Isard, a prominent economist, contributed significantly to various fields, including regional science and urban economics. One of his notable contributions is the development of the Location Theory of Urban Land Use. While Isard did not propose a specific model under his name like Lösch or Alonso, his work has influenced urban and regional economic theory significantly.
Isard's approach emphasized the integration of economic principles with spatial analysis, aiming to understand the distribution of economic activities across regions and cities. He advocated for a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating insights from economics, geography, and other social sciences to address complex urban and regional issues.