The genetic mutation of which genes are commonly associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer?

Correct option is C

Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are strongly associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. These genes are involved in DNA repair, and mutations in them significantly increase the risk of cancer in these areas.
Explanation of each option:
· (a) TP53 – Incorrect. While TP53 mutations are associated with various cancers, including some breast cancers, they are not the most common genes associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
· (b) EGFR – Incorrect. EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) mutations are linked with some cancers, but not directly associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
· (c) BRCA1 and BRCA2 – Correct. These genes are directly involved in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, with mutations leading to significantly increased cancer risk.
· (d) KRAS – Incorrect. KRAS mutations are associated with other cancers, such as pancreatic and colorectal cancer, but not typically with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.