Correct option is D
Explanation: Systematic errors can include instrumental errors (faulty equipment), environmental errors (conditions in the surrounding environment), and observational errors (mistakes made during observation), so all options are considered systematic errors.
Systematic errors:
· They are consistent and predictable, meaning they affect all measurements in the same direction.
· They can be identified and corrected by careful experimental design and calibration.
· Examples include a thermometer that consistently reads a few degrees higher than the actual temperature (instrumental error) or taking measurements in a room with fluctuating temperature (environmental error).
