Modernisation is the process of :

Correct option is B

The correct answer is change and adaptation.
Modernisation is broadly defined as the process through which societies move from traditional or pre-modern conditions to modern ones. This involves transformation in social, cultural, economic, and political structures, generally characterized by scientific thinking, industrialisation, technological advancement, secularism, and rationalism.

Information Booster

• Coined by social scientists to study socio-economic changes in societies.
• Involves urbanization, literacy growth, scientific outlook, and rational decision-making.
• Emphasizes individual mobility, gender equality, and modern institutions.
• Promotes secular education, democratic participation, and economic diversification.
• Not limited to material advancement but includes intellectual and cultural openness.

Additional Information

• Capitalisation – Refers to increasing capital or the shift to capitalism; it's an economic concept.
• Sanskritization – A term by M.N. Srinivas; it denotes social mobility within the caste system.
• Stratification – Refers to social layering or hierarchy; often traditional and contradicts egalitarian ideals of modernisation.