Match List I with List II

List I (Text)	List II (Author)
A. Advancement of Learning	I. Susan Sontag
B. Past and Present	II. Francis Bacon
C. English Traits	III. Thomas Carlyle
D. Illness as Metaphor	IV. R. W. Emerson

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct option is C

Explanation:   
A. Advancement of Learning - Francis Bacon: Published in 1605, this seminal work by Francis Bacon lays the foundation for the scientific method and empiricism, emphasizing knowledge as a form of power.
B. Past and Present - Thomas Carlyle: A Victorian-era social critique written in 1843, it examines the social and industrial changes in England, advocating for moral and spiritual reform.
C. English Traits - R. W. Emerson: This 1856 work by the American transcendentalist Emerson reflects on English culture and society, based on his travels in England.
D. Illness as Metaphor - Susan Sontag: Published in 1978, this essay explores the metaphorical use of illness (like cancer and tuberculosis) in literature and culture, challenging stigmatizing narratives.


Information Booster:
Francis Bacon’s Contribution to Philosophy: Known as the father of empiricism, Bacon’s works advocate for scientific inquiry and a rejection of Aristotelian scholasticism.
Thomas Carlyle’s Influence: Carlyle was a key figure in Victorian intellectual thought, critiquing materialism and championing the spiritual over the mechanical.
R. W. Emerson and Transcendentalism: Emerson’s English Traits reflects his philosophy of self-reliance and individuality, offering an outsider’s perspective on English cultural values.
Susan Sontag’s Cultural Critique: Sontag’s essays, including Illness as Metaphor, reveal how cultural narratives shape societal attitudes toward illness and sufferers.

Additional Knowledge:
Themes in the Works:
Advancement of Learning: Advocates for the reorganization of knowledge to foster human progress.
Past and Present: Contrasts the medieval sense of community with the alienation caused by industrial capitalism.
English Traits: Explores the character and habits of the English, emphasizing their practicality and industriousness.
Illness as Metaphor: Examines how illness is often moralized or politicized in ways that harm the patient.
Key Contributions of the Authors:
Bacon advanced the scientific revolution.
Carlyle critiqued industrial society and materialism.
Emerson celebrated individuality and spirituality.
Sontag provided groundbreaking cultural criticism on illness and stigma.