Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer:

List-I (Term)	List-II (Coined by)
(A) Ecology	(I) Ernst Haeckel
(B) Pheromone	(II) Geier
(C) Integrated Control	(III) Karlson and Luscher
(D) Pest Management	(IV) V. Stern

Options:

Correct option is B

Correct Answer: (b) (A)–(I), (B)–(III), (C)–(IV), (D)–(II)

A. Ecology — Ernst Haeckel

The term Ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866.

Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Haeckel defined ecology as the study of the economy of nature, including relationships between organisms and their surroundings.

B. Pheromone — Karlson and Lüscher

The term Pheromone was coined by Peter Karlson and Martin Lüscher in 1959.

Pheromones are chemical substances released by an organism that influence the behavior or physiology of other individuals of the same species.

In insects, pheromones play roles in mating, trail marking, aggregation, and alarm signaling.

C. Integrated Control — V. Stern

The concept and term Integrated Control were introduced by V. Stern and co-workers in 1959.

It refers to the combination of biological and chemical control methods to manage pest populations while minimizing harm to natural enemies.

This concept later developed into Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

D. Pest Management — Geier

The term Pest Management was introduced by Geier.

It emphasized a broader ecological approach to pest control rather than relying solely on chemical pesticides.

Pest management focuses on maintaining pest populations below economic injury levels using multiple control methods.

Therefore the correct matching is:

A – I (Ernst Haeckel)

B – III (Karlson and Lüscher)

C – IV (V. Stern)

D – II (Geier)

Information Booster:

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was formally promoted in the 1960s.

IPM combines biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods.

Economic Threshold Level (ETL): Pest density at which control measures should be applied to prevent economic damage.

Economic Injury Level (EIL): The lowest pest population that causes economic loss.

Pheromones are widely used in pest monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption techniques.

Explanation of Incorrect Options:

Option (a):

Incorrect because pheromone was coined by Karlson and Lüscher, not Geier.

Integrated control was proposed by V. Stern, not Karlson and Lüscher.

Option (c):

Incorrect because pest management was proposed by Geier, not Karlson and Lüscher.

Option (d):

Incorrect because ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel, not Karlson and Lüscher.

Integrated control was proposed by V. Stern, not Ernst Haeckel.