In which year did the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) succeed in forging an agreement to freeze CFC production at 1986 levels?

Correct option is B

​The correct answer is (b) 1987

Explanation:

• The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) played a crucial role in addressing the depletion of the ozone layer caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This effort led to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987.
• The agreement aimed to freeze the production of CFCs at 1986 levels, with plans to gradually reduce and phase them out completely. The Montreal Protocol is considered one of the most successful environmental agreements, significantly reducing ozone-depleting substances.

Information Booster:

• What are CFCs:
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are chemical compounds used in refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol sprays, and foam-blowing applications.
• They are ozone-depleting substances (ODS) that cause the thinning of the ozone layer, leading to harmful UV radiation exposure.

Montreal Protocol: Key Facts

• Objective: Regulates production & consumption of nearly 100 ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
• Common ODS Uses: Found in refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosols.
• Impact: ODS damage the stratospheric ozone layer, which shields Earth from harmful UV radiation.

Framework & Adoption

• Under: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
• Adopted:16 September 1987.
• Ratification: Achieved universal ratification – one of the rare treaties to do so.

Implementation & Responsibilities

• Step-wise phase-out of ODS with different timetables for:
• Developed countries.
• Developing countries (Article 5 countries).
• Key Obligations for Parties:
• Phase-out ODS production & consumption.
• Control trade of ODS.
• Report data annually.
• Establish national licensing for ODS imports/exports.
• Governance:
• Meeting of the Parties (MOP) – decision-making body.
• Open-ended Working Group (OEWG) – provides technical support.
• Ozone Secretariat: Based at UNEP headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya.

Kigali Amendment (2016)

• Objective: Phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are alternatives to ODS but strong greenhouse gases.
• Target: Reduce HFCs by 80-85% (CO₂ equivalent) by 2045.
• Climate Impact: Expected to prevent up to 0.5°C of global warming by 2100.