In the context of teaching for behaviour modification, which pair is correctly matched?

I. Classical conditioning - Conditioning of emitted behaviours
II. Operant conditioning - Conditioning of elicited behaviours

Correct option is B

Explanation:

The correct answer is "Neither I nor II."

The pairs in the question are incorrect because they misrepresent the definitions of classical and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) is associated with elicited (involuntary) behaviours, not emitted ones.
Operant conditioning (Skinnerian conditioning) is associated with emitted (voluntary) behaviours, not elicited ones.

The correct matching should be:
Classical conditioning – Conditioning of elicited behaviours
Operant conditioning – Conditioning of emitted behaviours


Information Booster:

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov):

- Introduced by Ivan Pavlov (Russian physiologist).

- A learning process in which an involuntary (elicited) response becomes associated with a new stimulus.

Key Example: Pavlov’s Dog Experiment

Before Conditioning: Food (Unconditioned Stimulus) → Salivation (Unconditioned Response).
During Conditioning: Bell (Neutral Stimulus) + Food → Salivation.
After Conditioning: Bell (Conditioned Stimulus) → Salivation (Conditioned Response).

Key Features:
Involuntary, reflexive behaviours (e.g., salivation, fear, blinking).
Associative learning (linking stimuli).

Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner):

- Introduced by B.F. Skinner (American psychologist).

- A learning process in which voluntary (emitted) behaviours are shaped by rewards or punishments.

Key Example: Skinner’s Box Experiment

Positive Reinforcement: Giving a reward (food) to encourage behaviour (pressing a lever).
Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus (shock) to strengthen behaviour.
Punishment: Introducing an unpleasant consequence to reduce behaviour.

Key Features:
Voluntary, goal-directed behaviours (e.g., studying for rewards, working for a salary).
Learning through consequences (reinforcement and punishment).