Correct option is D
In a
P-type semiconductor, the material is doped with an element that has fewer valence electrons than the semiconductor material (typically silicon). For example, when silicon (which has 4 valence electrons) is doped with boron (which has 3 valence electrons), there is a deficiency of one electron in the crystal structure. This deficiency creates a "hole," which can be thought of as a positive charge carrier.
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Holes: In a P-type semiconductor, these holes act as the majority charge carriers. When an electric field is applied, electrons from neighboring atoms can move to fill these holes, causing the holes to appear to move in the opposite direction, thus conducting current.
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Valence electrons: These are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom and participate in chemical bonding, but they are not the majority charge carriers in a P-type semiconductor.
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Free electrons: Free electrons are the majority charge carriers in an N-type semiconductor, not in a P-type semiconductor.
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Neutrons: Neutrons are subatomic particles with no charge and do not play a role in the conduction of electricity in semiconductors.
