Given below are two statements: · Statement I: Ecosystems are closed to flow of energy, materials, and biota and are tightly bound in space and time.
· Statement II: There are five dynamic interactive controls (i.e., local climate, supply of resources, functional groups of organisms, disturbance regimes, and anthropogenic activities) regulating ecosystem processes.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Correct option is D

· Statement I: False.
· Ecosystems are open systems with respect to the flow of energy, materials, and biota. Energy and materials constantly move in and out of ecosystems, and they are not completely bound by space and time.
· Statement II: True.
· Ecosystem processes are influenced by five dynamic interactive controls:
1. Local Climate: Temperature and precipitation patterns affect ecosystem dynamics.
2. Supply of Resources: Availability of nutrients, water, and light.
3. Functional Groups of Organisms: Different types of species that perform essential roles (e.g., producers, consumers, decomposers).
4. Disturbance Regimes: Events like fires, floods, and storms that impact ecosystem structure.
5. Anthropogenic Activities: Human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and urbanization.
Information Booster 1. Ecosystem as an Open System:
· Energy Flow: Sunlight enters, and heat energy exits.
· Material Flow: Nutrients cycle between the ecosystem and the surroundings.
· Biota Movement: Organisms can migrate in and out of ecosystems.
2. Dynamic Controls of Ecosystems:
· Local Climate: Determines the types of species that can thrive.
· Resource Availability: Limits productivity and species distribution.
· Disturbance: Can reset ecosystems, allowing new growth and diversity.
3. Anthropogenic Impact:
· Human activities can significantly alter ecosystem processes and stability.
Additional Knowledge · Closed System: No exchange of energy or matter with the surroundings (e.g., a sealed terrarium).
· Open System: Continuous exchange of energy and matter (e.g., natural ecosystems).