From which of the following countries did India adopt the ‘procedure established by the law’? 

Correct option is D

· India adopted the ‘procedure established by law’ from Japan, which was introduced in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

· This principle indicates that a person’s life or liberty can only be deprived according to the procedure established by law, which must be fair, just, and reasonable.

• The phrase ‘procedure established by law’ was part of the Japanese Constitution, and it was incorporated into the Indian Constitution through the framing of Article 21.
• Article 21 protects the right to life and personal liberty, stating that no person shall be deprived of these rights except according to a procedure prescribed by law.

• US: India did not adopt this principle from the United States, where the due process of law is emphasized instead.
• Brazil: India did not adopt this principle from Brazil either.
• Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka's legal system has similarities with India’s, but the ‘procedure established by law’ concept is drawn from Japan.