Choose the correct statement related to composting:
(A) Biodegradation during composting is an exothermic process (B) Carbon to nitrogen ratio must be in the range of 20-25 to 1 (C) Compost is humus-like material (D) Compost increases moisture-holding capacity (E) Increases the buffer capacity of soil
Choose the correct answer:

Correct option is D

The correct answer is (d) A, B, C, D and E. All the provided statements about composting are accurate and describe important characteristics and processes involved in composting.
Explanation:
1. (a) Biodegradation during composting is an exothermic process:
· During composting, microorganisms break down organic matter, releasing heat as a byproduct, making the process exothermic.
2. (b) Carbon to nitrogen ratio must be in the range of 20-25 to 1:
· The ideal C:N ratio for composting is between 20:1 and 25:1. This ratio ensures efficient microbial activity and balanced decomposition.
3. (c) Compost is humus-like material:
· Finished compost is a dark, crumbly, and humus-like material rich in organic matter and nutrients.
4. (d) Compost increases moisture-holding capacity:
· Adding compost to soil enhances its structure, which increases its ability to retain moisture.
5. (E) Increases the buffer capacity of soil:
· Compost improves the buffering capacity of soil, helping it resist changes in pH, which supports healthy plant growth.
Information Booster:
1. Benefits of Composting:
· Reduces landfill waste.
· Enriches soil with nutrients.
· Suppresses plant diseases and pests.
· Reduces the need for chemical fertilizers.
2. Ideal Conditions for Composting:
· Temperature: 40-60°C for optimal microbial activity.
· Moisture Content: 50-60%.
· Aeration: Proper oxygen supply is necessary to maintain aerobic decomposition.
3. Phases of Composting:
· Mesophilic Phase: Initial decomposition at moderate temperatures.
· Thermophilic Phase: High-temperature breakdown of complex organics.
· Maturation Phase: Cooling and stabilization of compost.
4. Importance of Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio:
· High C:N Ratio: Slows down decomposition.
· Low C:N Ratio: Produces unpleasant odors due to excess nitrogen.
5. Soil Structure Improvement:
· Compost improves soil texture, promoting better root growth and nutrient uptake.
Additional Knowledge:
· (a) Biodegradation:
· Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi decompose organic matter, generating heat.
· (b) Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio:
· Balancing the ratio helps maintain efficient decomposition.
· (c) Humus:
· Stable organic matter that provides nutrients and improves soil structure.
· (d) Moisture Retention:
· Compost helps sandy soils hold water and improves drainage in clay soils.
· (E) Buffer Capacity:
· Compost helps stabilize soil pH, making it suitable for a wider range of plants.
Key Points:
1. Composting is an exothermic biological process.
2. The ideal C:N ratio for composting is 20:1 to 25:1.
3. Compost improves soil structure, moisture retention, and pH stability.
4. Finished compost resembles humus in texture and function.