At what pressure culture media for microorganisms can be autoclaved:

Correct option is A

Autoclaving is the most effective and commonly used method for sterilizing culture media, glassware, and instruments in microbiology and plant pathology laboratories. It uses moist heat (steam) under pressure to kill all forms of microbial life, including spores.
�� Why Option (a) is Correct:
· Standard Autoclaving Conditions:
· Temperature: 121.6 °C
· Pressure: 15 psi (pounds per square inch) ≈ 1.05 kg/cm² or 6.8 kg/cm²
· Duration: 15–20 minutes
· These conditions are sufficient to denature proteins, destroy cell membranes, and kill both vegetative cells and bacterial/fungal spores.
· This method is widely accepted as the gold standard for sterilizing:
· Culture media (e.g., nutrient agar, potato dextrose agar)
· Lab tools
· Liquid samples
· Biowaste