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TNPSC Indian National Movement (INM) Free Notes – Revolutionary Extremism

இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான  முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.

Revolutionary Extremism

Introduction
 Around 1908, the decline of the militant nationalists and the rise of revolutionary
activities marked an important shift from non-violent methods to violent action.
 It also meant a shift from mass-based action to elite response to the British rule.
 Around the 1870s, revolutionary terrorism had developed in Bengal.
 The akharas or gymnasiums were setup in various places to develop what Swami
Vivekananda had described as strong muscles and nerves of steel.
 Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s novel, Anandmath also had a significant impact.
Anandmath was widely read by the revolutionaries in Bengal.
 The Bande Mataram song, which is part of the novel, became the anthem of the
swadeshi movement.
 During the Swadeshi movement three factors contributed to the upsurge in the
individual acts of violence:

 The apolitical constructive programmes had little acceptance among the youth who
was growing impatient under the repressive foreign rule.
 The failure of the militant nationalists to lead the young people into a long-term
mass movement also contributed to the growth of individual action.
 The revolutionary action was part of an effort towards the symbolic recovery of
Indian manhood, which the revolutionaries believed was often challenged and
looked down upon by the British.
 The revolutionary actions were mostly attempts to assassinate specific oppressive
British officers.

Important Secret Societies
Anushilan Samity 1902
 Founded by – Jatindernath Banerjee and Barindarkumar Ghose in Calcutta.
 The Calcutta Anushilan Samity soon started its activities
 August 1906- The first swadeshi dacoity, to raise funds, was organised in Rangpur.
Dhaka Anushilan Samity 1906
 Founded by – Pulin Behari Das
 Yugantar- Revolutionary weekly.

Alipore Bomb Case
 1906 – Hemchandra Kanungo went abroad to get military training in Paris.
 1908 – He returned to India and established a bomb factory along with a religious school
at a garden house in Maniktala.
 A conspiracy was hatched there to kill Douglas Kingsford, notorious for his cruel ways of
dealing with the swadeshi agitators.
 Two young revolutionaries – 18-year-old Khudiram Bose and 19-year-old Prafulla Chaki –
were entrusted with the task of carrying out the killing.
 30 April 1908, they mistakenly threw a bomb on a carriage, instead of killing Kingsford,
killed two English women.
 Prafulla Chaki committed suicide and Khudiram Bose was arrested and hanged for the
murder.
 Aurobindo Ghose, along with his brother Barinder Kumar Ghose and thirty-five other
comrades, were arrested.
 Chittaranjan Das took up the case. It came to be known as the Alipore Bomb case.

 The judgement observed that there was no evidence to show that Aurobindo Ghose was
involved in any conspiracy against the British rule.
 Barindra Ghose and Ullaskar Dutt were given the death penalty (later commuted to the
transportation of life), with the rest being condemned to transportation for life.
Trial and the Aftermath
 After his acquittal, Aurobindo Ghose took to a spiritual path and shifted his base to
Pondicherry, where he stayed until his death in 1950.
 The reason for the gradual decline in the revolutionary activities in Bengal was a
combination of government repression and alienation from the people.
 Beside this, revolutionary terrorism suffered from certain social limitations too as most
of the revolutionaries were drawn from the three upper castes – Brahmin, Kayastha,
and Vaishya.
British Repression
Morley-Minto reforms
 In December 1908 the Morley-Minto constitutional reforms were announced.
 The moderates welcomed the reforms. However, they soon realised that there was
hardly any shift of power.
 In fact, measures taken by Minto were highly divisive as it institutionalised communal
electorates creating Hindu-Muslim divide.
Repressive laws introduced by colonial government such as:
The Newspapers (Incitement to Offence) Act, 1908– This act empowered the magistrate
to confiscate press property which published objectionable material making it difficult
to publish anything critical of British rule.
Indian Press Act 1910 made it mandatory for publishers and the printers to deposit a
security that could be seized in case they printed ‘obnoxious material’.
The Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act allowed summary trails and also imposed the            prohibition of ‘association.

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