இந்தக் கட்டுரையில், TNPSC குரூப் 1, குரூப் 2, குரூப் 2A, குரூப் 4 மாநிலப் போட்டித் தேர்வுகளான TNUSRB, TRB, TET, TNEB போன்றவற்றுக்கான முறைகள் இலவசக் குறிப்புகளைப் பெறுவீர்கள்.தேர்வுக்கு தயாராவோர் இங்குள்ள பாடக்குறிப்புகளை படித்து பயன்பெற வாழ்த்துகிறோம்.
Later mugals and decline
Bahadur Shah (1707-1712)
After the death of Aurangazeb, Muazzam, the eldest son of Aurangazeb, 62 years old,
became the emperor after a long war of succession.
He was not well experienced in the political affairs of India.
He released Shahu, Maratha prince and son of Sambaji who was imprisioned during
Battle of Sangameshwar between Aurangazeb and Sambaji.
He maintained good relationship with Marathas and Rajputs.
He withdrew Jizya tax, a tax for non-muslims.
Mewar and Marwar became independent.
He tried to make peace with Sikhs and Jats.
Central administration became weak.
Jahandar Shah (1712 -1713)
He ascended to the throne with the help of Zulfiqar Khan.
Lal Kunwar was Jahandar Shah’s mistress.
He cared too little about administration which was looked upon entirely by Zulfikar
Khan.
He believed that Rajputs help is needed for effective administration.
So he appointed Ajit Singh of Marwar as Governor of Gujarat and gave him the title
“Maharaja”.
He gave the title of “Mirza Raza Sawai” to Jai Singh of Amber and appointed him as the
Governor of Malwa.
He assigned Shahu to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from Deccan.
Mughal authority’s decline can be clearly seen during his administration.
Farruk Siyar (1713 – 1719)
He ascended to the throne with the help of Sayyid brothers- Abdullah Khan & Hussain
Ali Khan.
He granted Golden Farman to English East India Company.
Sikh leader Banda Bahadur was executed during his reign.
He appointed Nizam-ul-mulk (Founder of Hyderabad) as the governor of Deccan.
He abolished Jizya tax and followed a policy of religious tolerance.
He was killed by the Sayyid brothers in 1719 with the help of Marathas.
He was the first Mughal emperor killed by the nobles.
Rafi-ud-daula (Shah Jahan II) was raised for quick succession but since he died early,
Raushan Akthar (Muhamad Shah) was made emperor.
Muhammad shah (1719 – 1748)
He was given the title Rangeela since he celebrated Holi.
He had pleasure loving nature.
He killed Sayyid brothers with the help of Nizam-ul-mulk (Wazir) in 1720.
Emergence of Independent states
Many independent states emerged due to the disintegration of Mughal empire
Bengal – Murshid quil Khan (1717 – 1727)
Oudh – Sadaath Khan
Jats – Agriculturists around Agra and Mathura.
They revolted and Badan Singh was able to set up a Jat state, Bharatpur.
Foreign invasions
Nadir shah
Nadir shah invaded in 1739 and took away the Koh-i-noor diamond and peacock throne (built
by shah Jahan).
Ahmed shah abdali
He invaded in 1747.
His intentions were not political but looting.
Shah Alam II (1759 -1806)
His reign saw two important battles:
Battle of Panipat III (1761) with Marathas and
Battle of Buxar(1764) with British, which made Mughals a plaything of British.
Akbar II
He succeeded Shah Alam II.
He gave the title “RAJA” to Ram Mohan Roy.
Bahadur Shah II (1837 – 1862)
He was the last ruler of Mughal empire.
He participated in 1857 revolt and was exiled to Rangoon (Burma) and died in 1862.
Causes for Decline
Aurangazeb’s misguided policies.
Frequent war of successions questioned the stability of state.
Weak and incompetent Later Mughals (rulers after Aurangazeb).
Economic failure of Mughals due to administrative weakness.
Mughal nobility made use of the crisis.
The period also witnessed many powerful foreign invasions including Europeans.
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